1.3   Conditionals and Loops

 

We use the term flow of control to refer to the sequence of statements that are executed in a program. All of the programs that we have examined to this point have a simple flow of control: the statements are executed one after the other in the order given. Most programs have a more complicated structure where statements may or may not be executed depending on certain conditions (conditionals), or where groups of statements are executed multiple times (loops).

If statements.

Most computations require different actions for different inputs. Program Flip.java uses an if-else statement to print out the results of a coin flip. The table below summarizes some typical situations where you might need to use an if or if-else statement.
examples of conditionals


While loops.

Many computations are inherently repetitive. The while loop enables us to perform a group of statements many times. This enables us to express lengthy computations without writing lots of code.

For loops.

Many loops follow the same basic scheme: initialize an index variable to some value and then use a while loop to test an exit condition involving the index variable, using the last statement in the while loop to modify the index variable. Java's for loop is a direct way to express such loops. For example, the following two lines of code are equivalent to the corresponding lines of code in TenHellos. 
for (int i = 4; i <= 10; i = i + 1)
    System.out.println(i + "th Hello");

Loop examples.

Give table containing loop examples. [Loops.java]

Applications.

The ability to program with loops and conditionals immediately opens up the world of computation to us.

Other conditional and loop constructs.

To be complete, we consider four more Java constructs related to conditionals and loops. They are used much less frequently than the if, while, and for statements that we've been working with, but it is worthwhile to be aware of them. We don't use the following three flow control statements in this textbook, but include for completeness.

Q + A

Q. My program is stuck in an infinite loop. How do I stop it?

A. For Windows Command Prompt type <ctrl-z> o <ctrl-c>. For OS X Terminal and Linux shell, type <ctrl-c>. That is, hold down the key labeled ctrl or control and press the c key. .

Q. Why doesn't the statement if (a <= b <= c) work?

A. The <= operator cannot be chained. Instead, use if (a <= b && b <= c).

Q. Is there an example for when the following for and while loops are not equivalent? 

for (<init stmnt> <boolean expr>; <incr stmnt>) {
   <body statements>
}

<init stmnt>;
while (<boolean expr>) {
   <body statements>
   <incr stmnt>
}

A. Yes. Use a continue statement.

Exercises

  1. Write a program that takes three integer command-line arguments and prints equal if all three are equal, and not equal otherwise.
  2. Write a general and robust program Quadratic.java that prints the roots of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c, for any value of the equation's coefficientes (two real roots, complex conjugate roots, one real root, etc.)
  3. What (if anything) is wrong with each of the following statements?
    1. if (a > b) then c = 0;
    2. if a > b { c = 0; }
    3. if (a > b) c = 0;
    4. if (a > b) c = 0 else b = 0;
  4. Write a code fragment that prints true if the double variables x and y are both strictly between 0 and 1 and false otherwise.
  5. Suppose that i and j are both of type int. What is the value of j after each of the following statements is executed?
    1. for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 10; i++) j += i;
    2. for (i = 0, j = 1; i < 10; i++) j += j;
    3. for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) j += j;
    4. for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 10; i++) j += j++;
  6. Rewrite TenHellos.java to make a program Hellos.java that takes the number of lines to print as a command-line argument. You may assume that the argument is less than 1000. Hint: consider using i % 10 and i % 100 to determine whether to use "st", "nd", "rd", or "th" for printing the ith Hello.
  7. Write a program FivePerLine.java that, using one for loop and one if statement, prints the integers from 1000 to 2000 with five integers per line. Hint: use the % operator.
  8. Write a program that takes an integer N as a command-line argument and uses Math.random() to print N uniform random variables between 0 and 1, and then prints their average value.
  9. Describe what happens when you invoke RulerN.java with an argument that is too large, such as java RulerN 100.
  10. Write a program FunctionGrowth.java that prints a table of the values of log N, N, N log N, N2, N3, and 2N for N = 16, 32, 64, ..., 2048. Use tabs ('\t' characters) to line up columns.
  11. What is the value of m and n after executing the following code? 
    int n = 123456789;
int m = 0;
while (n != 0) {
   m = (10 * m) + (n % 10);
   n = n / 10;
}
  12. What does the following code print out? 
    int f = 0, g = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= 15; i++) {
   System.out.println(f);
   f = f + g;
   g = f - g;
}
  13. Expand your solution to CarLoan.java from Exercise 1.2.24 to print a table giving the total amount paid and the remaining principal after each monthly payment.
  14. Unlike the harmonic numbers, the sum 1/1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + ... + 1/N2 does converge to a constant as N grows to infinity. (Indeed, the constant is π2 / 6, so this formula can be used to estimate the value of π.) Which of the following for loops computes this sum? Assume that N is an int initialized to 1000000 and sum is a double initialized to 0. 
    (a) for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) 
       sum = sum + 1 / (i * i);

(b) for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
       sum = sum + 1.0 / i * i;

(c) for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
       sum = sum + 1.0 / (i * i);

(d) for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
       sum = sum + 1 / (1.0 * i * i);
  15. Using the fact that the slope of the tangent to a (differentiable) function f(x) at x = t is f'(t), find the equation of the tangent line and use that equation to find the point where the tangent line intersects the x axis to show that you can use Newton's method to find a root of any function f(x) as follows: at each iteration, replace the estimate t by t - f(t) / f'(t). Then use the fact that f'(t) = 2t for f(x) = x2 - c to show that Sqrt.java implements Newton's method for finding the square root of c.
  16. Use the general formula for Newton's method in the previous exercise to develop a program Root.java that takes two command line arguments c and k, and prints the kth root of c. Assume k is a positive integer. You may use Math.pow(), but only with an exponent that is a nonnegative integer.
  17. Suppose that x and t are variables of type double and N is a variable of type int. Write a code fragment to set t to xN / N!.
  18. Modify Binary.java to get a program Modify Kary.java that takes a second command line argument K and converts the first argument to base K. Assume the base is between 2 and 20. For bases greater than 10, use the letters A through K to represent the 11th through 20th digits, respectively.
  19. Write a code fragment that puts the binary representation of an int N into a String s.
  20. Write a version of Gambler.java that uses a for loop instead of a while loop.
  21. Write a program GamblerPlot.java that traces a gambler's ruin simulation by printing a line after each bet that has one asterisk corresponding to each dollar held by the gambler.
  22. Modify Gambler.java to take an extra command line parameter that specifies the (fixed) probability that the gambler wins each bet. Use your program to try to learn how this probability affects the chance of winning and the expected number of bets.
  23. Modify Gambler.java to take an extra command line parameter that specifies the number of bets the gambler is willing to make, so that there are three possible ways for the game to end: the gambler wins, loses, or runs out of time. Add to the output to give the expected amount of money the gambler will have when the game ends.
  24. Modify Factors.java to print just one copy of each of the prime divisors.
  25. Run quick experiments to determine the impact of using the loop continuation condition (i <= N/i) instead of (i <= N) in Factors.java. For each loop continuation condition, find the largest integer M such that when you type in an M digit number, the program is sure to finish within 10 seconds.
  26. Write a program GCD.java that find the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two integers x and y using Euclid's algorithm, which is an iterative computation based on the following observation: If x > y, then if y divides x, the gcd of x and y is y; otherwise the gcd of x and y is the same as the gcd of x % y and y.
  27. Write a program Checkerboard.java that takes one command-line argument N and prints out a two dimensional N-by-N checkerboard pattern with alternating spaces and asterisks, like the following 4-by-4 pattern. 
    * * * *
 * * * *
* * * *
 * * * *
  28. Ramanujan's taxi. S. Ramanujan was an Indian mathematician who became famous for his intuition for numbers. When the English mathematician G. H. Hardy came to visit him in the hospital one day, Hardy remarked that the number of his taxi was 1729, a rather dull number. To which Ramanujan replied, "No, Hardy! No, Hardy! It is a very interesting number. It is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways." Verify this claim by writing a program Ramanujan.java that takes a command line argument N and prints out all integers less than or equal to N that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways - find distinct positive integers a, b, c, and d such that a3 + b3 = c3 + d3. Use four nested for loops.

    Now, the license plate 87539319 seems like a rather dull number. Determine why it's not.

  29. Checksums. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a 10 digit code that uniquely specifies a book. The rightmost digit is a checksum digit which can be uniquely determined from the other 9 digits from the condition that d1 + 2d2 + 3d3 + ... + 10d10 must be a multiple of 11 (here di denotes the ith digit from the right). The checksum digit d1 can be any value from 0 to 10: the ISBN convention is to use the value X to denote 10. Example: the checksum digit corresponding to 020131452 is 5 since is the only value of d1 between 0 and and 10 for which d1 + 2*2 + 3*5 + 4*4 + 5*1 + 6*3 + 7*1 + 8*0 + 9*2 + 10*0 is a multiple of 11. Write a program ISBN.java that takes a 9-digit integer as a command line argument, computes the checksum, and prints out the 10-digit ISBN number. It's ok if you don't print out any leading 0's.
  30. Calendar. Write a program Calendar that takes two command line arguments m and y and prints out the monthly calendar for the mth month of year y. For example, your output for Calendar 2 2009 should be 
       February 2009
 S  M Tu  W Th  F  S
 1  2  3  4  5  6  7
 8  9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

    Hint: see programs LeapYear.java and DayOfWeek.java.

  31. Counting primes. Write a program PrimeCounter.java that takes one command-line argument N and prints out the number of primes less than N. Use it to print out the number of primes less than 10 million. Note: if you are not careful to make your program efficient, it may not finish in a reasonable amount of time. Later in Section 1.5, we will learn about a more efficient way to perform this computation called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
  32. Dragon curves. Write a program Dragon.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints out the instructions for drawing a dragon curve of order N.
  33. What happens when you try to compile the following code fragment? 
    double x;  
if (a >= 0) x = 3.14;
if (a <  0) x = 2.71;
System.out.println(x);

    Answer: it complains that the variable x might not have been initialized (even though we can clearly see that x will be initialized by one of the two if statements). You can avoid this problem here by using if-else.

  34. Exponential function. Write a program to calculate ex using the Taylor series expansion. The number of terms depend of the contribution of last term to the serie. If it is less than an epsilon, the addition of new term to the serie is stopped.
    ex = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! + . . .
  35. Trigometric functions. Write a program Cos.java that compute cos x using the Taylor series expansions. The number of terms depend of the contribution of last term to the serie. If it is less than an epsilon, the addition of new term to the serie is stopped.
        cos x = 1 - x2/2! + x4/4! - x6/6! + . . .
  36. Experimental analysis. Run experiments to determine the relative costs of Math.exp() and the following three methods from Exercise 2.3.36 for the problem of computing ex: the direct method with nested for loops, the improved method with a single for loop, and the latter with the termination condition (term > 0). For each method, use trial-and-error with a command line argument to determine how many times your computer can perform the computation in 10 seconds.
  37. 2D random walk. A two dimensional random walk simulates the behavior of a particle moving in a grid of points. At each step, the random walker moves north, south, east, or west with probability 1/4, independently of previous moves. Determine how far away (on average) the random walker is from the starting point after N steps. (Theoretical answer: on the order of sqrt(N).)
  38. Game simulation. In the 1970s game show called "Let's Make a Deal", a contestant is presented with three doors. Behind one door is a valuable prize, behind the other two are gag gifts. After the contestant chooses a door, the host opens up one of the other two doors (never revealing the prize, of course). The contestant is then given the opportunity to switch to the other unopened door. Should the contestant do so? Intuitively, it might seem that the contestant's initial choice door and the other unopened door are equally likely to contain the prize, so there would be no incentive to switch. Write a program MonteHall.java to test this intuition by simulation. Your program should take a command line parameter N, play the game N times using each of the two strategies (switch or don't switch) and print the chance of success for each strategy. Or you can play the game here.
  39. Chaos. Write a program to student the following simple model for population growth, which might be applied to study fish in a pond, bacteria in a test tube, or any of a host of similar situations. We suppose that the population ranges from 0 (extinct) to 1 (maximum population that can be sustained). If the population at time t is x, the we suppose the population at time t+1 to be rx(1-x), where the parameter r, sometimes known as the fecundity parameter, controls the rate of growth. Start with a small population, say x = 0.01, and study the result of iterating the model, for various values of r. For which values of r does the population stabilize at x = 1 - 1/r? Can you say anything about the population when r is 3.5? 3.8? 5? Biologists model population growth of fish in a pond using the logistic equation. Investigate some of its chaotic behavior.
    x[i+1] = r x[i] (1 - x[i])

    The fecundity parameter r is between 0 and 4 and x[0] is chosen to be between 0 and 1. The iterates x settle into a definite pattern. This pattern is constant if k < 3. Then starts period doubling with a second bifurcation at 3.5, chaos shortly afterwards, and 3-step period around k=3.8.

  40. Write a program RollDie.java that generates the result of rolling a fair six-dided die (an integer between 1 and 6).
  41. Write a program RollLoadedDie.java that generates the result of rolling a loaded six-dided die (an integer between 1 and 5 with probability 1/8 and the integer 6 with probability 3/8).
  42. Write a program that takes three integer command-line arguments a, b, and c and print out the number of distinct values (1, 2, or 3) among a, b, and c.
  43. RGB to HSB converter. Write a program RGBtoHSV.javathat takes an RGB color (three integers between 0 and 255) and transforms it to an HSB color (three different integers between 0 and 255). Write a program HSVtoRGB.java that applies the inverse transformation.
  44. Write a program that takes five integer command-line arguments and prints out the median (the third largest one).
  45. (hard) Now, try to compute the median of 5 elements such that when executed, it never makes more than 6 total comparisons.
  46. How can I create in an infinite loop with a for loop?

    Answer: for(;;) is the same as while(true).

  47. What's wrong with the following loop? 
    boolean done = false;
while (done = false) {
    ...
}
    The while loop condition uses = instead of == so it is an assignment statement (which makes done always false and the body of the loop will never be executed). It's better to style to avoid using ==. 
    boolean done = false;
while (!done) {
    ...
}
  48. What's wrong with the following loop that is intended to compute the sum of the integers 1 through 100? 
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) {
   int sum = 0;
   sum = sum + i;
}
System.out.println(sum);
    The variable sum should be defined outside the loop. By defining it inside the loop, a new variable sum is initialized to 0 each time through the loop; also it is not even accessible outside the loop.
  49. Write a program Hurricane.java that that reads the wind speed (in miles per hour) as an integer and prints out whether it qualifies as a hurricane, and if so, whether it is a Category 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hurricane. Below is a table of the wind speeds according to the Saffir-Simpson scale.

    Category Wind Speed (mph)
    1 74 - 95
    2 96 - 110
    3 111 - 130
    4 131 - 155
    5 155 and above
  50. What is wrong with the following code fragment? 
    double x = -32.2;
boolean isPositive = (x > 0);
if (isPositive = true) System.out.println(x + " is positive");
else                   System.out.println(x + " is not positive");

    Answer: It uses the assignment operator = instead of the equality operator ==. A better solution is to write if (isPositive).

  51. Change/add one character so that the following program prints out 20 x's. There are two different solutions. 
    int i = 0, n = 20;
for (i = 0; i < n; i--)
    System.out.print("x");
    Answer. Replace the i < n condition with -i < n. Replace the i-- with n--. ( In C, there is a third: replace the < with a +.)
  52. What does the following code fragment do? 
    if (x > 0);
    System.out.println("positive");

    Answer: always prints positive regardless of the value of x because of the extra semicolon after the if statement.

  53. Boys and girls. A couple beginning a family decides to keep having children until they have at least one of either sex. Estimate the average number of children they will have via simulation. Also estimate the most common outcome (record the frequency counts for 2, 3, and 4 children, and also for 5 and above). Assume that the probability p of having a boy or girl is 1/2.
  54. What does the following program do? 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
   int N = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
   int x = 1;
   while (N >= 1) {
      System.out.println(x);
      x = 2 * x;
      N = N / 2;
   }
}
    Answer: prints out all of the powers-of-two less than or equal to N.
  55. Boys and girls. Repeat the previous question, but assume the couple keeps having children until they have another child which is of the same sex as the first child. How does your answer change if p is different from 1/2?

    Surprisingly, the average number of children is 2 if p = 0 or 1, and 3 for all other values of p. But the most likely value is 2 for all values of p.

  56. Given two positive integers a and b, what result does the following code fragment leave in c 
    c = 0;
while (b > 0) {
   if (b % 2 == 1) c = c + a;
   b = b / 2;
   a = a + a;
}

    Answer a * b.

  57. Write a program using a loop and four conditionals to print 
    12 midnight
1am
2am
...
12 noon
1pm
...
11pm
  58. What does the following program print out? 
    public class Test {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      if (10 > 5); 
      else; {           
          System.out.println("Here");
      };
   }              
}
  59. Alice tosses a fair coin until she sees two consecutive heads. Bob tosses another fair coin until he sees a head followed by a tail. Write a program to estimate the probability that Alice will make fewer tosses than Bob? Answer: 39/121.
  60. Rewrite Day.java from Creative Exercise XYZ so that it prints out the day of the week as Sunday, Monday, and so forth instead of an integer between 0 and 6. Use a switch statement.
  61. Number-to-English. Write a program to read in a command line integer between -999,999,999 and 999,999,999 and print out the English equivalent. Here is an exhaustive list of words that your program should use: negative, zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, hundred, thousand, million . Don't use hundred, when you can use thousand, e.g., use one thousand five hundred instead of fifteen hundred. Reference.
  62. Gymnastics judging. A gymnast's score is determined by a panel of 6 judges who each decide a score between 0.0 and 10.0. The final score is determined by discarding the high and low scores, and averaging the remaining 4. Write a program GymnasticsScorer.java that takes 6 real command line inputs representing the 6 scores and prints out their average, after throwing out the high and low scores.
  63. Quarterback rating. To compare NFL quarterbacks, the NFL devised a the quarterback rating formula based on the quarterbacks number of completed passes (A), pass attempts (B), passing yards (C), touchdown passes (D), and interception (E) as follows:
    1. Completion ratio: W = 250/3 * ((A / B) - 0.3).
    2. Yards per pass: X = 25/6 * ((C / B) - 3).
    3. Touchdown ratio: Y = 1000/3 * (D / B)
    4. Interception ratio: Z = 1250/3 * (0.095 - (E / B))
    The quarterback rating is computed by summing up the above four quantities, but rounding up or down each value so that it is at least 0 and and at most 475/12. Write a program QuarterbackRating.java that takes five command line inputs A, B, C, D, and E, and prints out the quarterback rating. Use your program to compute Steve Young's 1994 record-setting season (108.9) in which he completed 324 of 461 passes for 3,969 yards, and threw 35 touchdowns and 10 interceptions.
  64. Decimal expansion of rational numbers. Given two integers p and q, the decimal expansion of p/q has an infinitely repeating cycle. For example, 1/33 = 0.03030303.... We use the notation 0.(03) to denote that 03 repeats indefinitely. As another example, 8639/70000 = 0.1234(142857). Write a program DecimalExpansion.java that reads in two command line integers p and q and prints out the decimal expansion of p/q using the above notation. Hint: use Floyd's rule.
  65. Friday the 13th. What is the maximum number of consecutive days in which no Friday the 13th occurs? Hint: The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years (146097 days) so you only need to worry about a 400 year interval.

    Answer: 426 (e.g., from 8/13/1999 to 10/13/2000).

  66. January 1. Is January 1 more likely to fall on a Saturday or Sunday? Write a program to determine the number of times each occurs in a 400 year interval.

    Answer: Sunday (58 times) is more likely than Saturday (56 times).

  67. What do the following two code fragments do? 
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
   for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
       if (i != j) System.out.println(i + ", " + j);

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
   for (int j = 0; (i != j) && (j < N); j++)
       System.out.println(i + ", " + j);
  68. Determine what value gets printed out without using a computer. Choose the correct answer from 0, 100, 101, 517, or 1000. 
    int cnt = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
   for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
      for (int k = 0; k < 10; k++)
         if (2*i + j >= 3*k)
            cnt++;
System.out.println(cnt);
  69. Rewrite CarLoan.java from Creative Exercise XYZ so that it properly handles an interest rate of 0% and avoids dividing by 0.
  70. Write the shortest Java program you can that reads in an integer N from the command line and print true if (1 + 2 + ... + N) 2 is equal to (13 + 23 + ... + N3).
  71. Modify Sqrt.java so that it reports an error if the user enters a negative number and works properly if the user enters zero.
  72. What happens if we initialize t to -x instead of x in program Sqrt.java?
  73. Sample standard deviation of uniform distribution. Modify Exercise 8 so that it prints out the sample standard deviation in addition to the average.
  74. Sample standard deviation of normal distribution. that takes an integer N as a command line argument and uses Web Exercise 1 from Section 1.2 to print N standard normal random variables, and their average value, and sample standard deviation.
  75. Loaded dice. [Stephen Rudich] Suppose you have three, three sided dice. A: {2, 6, 7}, B: { 1, 5, 9}, and C: {3, 4, 8}. Two players roll a die and the one with the highest value wins. Which die would you choose? Answer: A beats B with probability 5/9, B beats C with probability 5/9 and C beats A with probability 5/9. Be sure to choose second!
  76. Thue-Morse sequence. Write a program ThueMorse.java that reads in a command line integer N and prints the Thue-Morse sequence of order N. The first few strings are 0, 01, 0110, 01101001. Each successive string is obtained by flipping all of the bits of the previous string and concatenating the result to the end of the previous string. The sequence has many amazing properties. For example, it is a binary sequence that is cube-free: it does not contain 000, 111, 010101, or sss where s is any string. It is self-similar: if you delete every other bit, you get another Thue-Morse sequence. It arises in diverse areas of mathematics as well as chess, graphic design, weaving patterns, and music composition.
  77. Program Binary.java prints the binary representation of a decimal number N by casting out powers of 2. Write an alternate version Program Binary2.java that is based on the following method: Write 1 if N is odd, 0 if N is even. Divide N by 2, throwing away the remainder. Repeat until N = 0 and read the answer backwards. Use % to determine whether or not N is even, and use string concatenation to form the answer in reverse order.
  78. What does the following code fragment do? 
    int digits = 0;
do {
   digits++;
   n = n / 10;
} while (n > 0);

    Answer the number of bits in the binary representation of a natural number n. We use a do-while loop so that code output 1 if n = 0.

  79. Write a program NPerLine.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints the integers from 10 to 99 with N integers per line.
  80. Modify NPerLine.java so that it prints out the integers from 1 to 1000 with N integers per line. Make the integers line up by printing the right number of spaces before an integer (e.g., three for 1-9, two for 10-99, and one for 100-999).
  81. Suppose a, b, and c are random number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. What is the probability that a, b, and c form the side length of some triangle? Hint: they will form a triangle if and only if the sum of every two values is larger than the third.
  82. Repeat the previous question, but calculate the probability that the resulting triangle is obtuse, given that the three numbers for a triangle. Hint: the three lengths will form an obtuse triangle if and only if (i) the sum of every two values is larger than the third and (ii) the sum of the squares of every two side lengths is greater than or equal to the square of the third.
  83. What is the value of s after executing the following code? 
    int M = 987654321;
String s = "";
while (M != 0) {
   int digit = M % 10;
   s = s + digit;
   M = M / 10;
}
  84. What is the value of i after the following confusing code is executed? 
    int i = 10;
i = i++;
i = ++i;
i = i++ + ++i;

    Moral: don't write code like this.

  85. Formatted ISBN number. Write a program ISBN2.java that reads in a 9 digit integer from a command-line argument, computes the check digit, and prints out the fully formatted ISBN number, e.g, 0-201-31452-5.
  86. UPC codes. The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a 12 digit code that uniquely specifies a product. The least significant digit d1(rightmost one) is a check digit which is the uniquely determined by making the following expression a multiple of 10:
    (d1 + d3 + d5 + d7 + d9 + d11) + 3 (d2 + d4 + d6 + d8 + d10 + d12)

    As an example, the check digit corresponding to 0-48500-00102 (Tropicana Pure Premium Orange Juice) is 8 since

    (8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 5 + 4) + 3 (2 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0) = 50

    and 50 is a multiple of 10. Write a program that reads in a 11 digit integer from a command line parameter, computes the check digit, and prints out the the full UPC. Hint: use a variable of type long to store the 11 digit number.

  87. Write a program that reads in the wind speed (in knots) as a command line argument and prints out its force according to the Beaufort scale. Use a switch statement.
  88. Making change. Write a program that reads in a command line integer N (number of pennies) and prints out the best way (fewest number of coins) to make change using US coins (quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies only). For example, if N = 73 then print out 
    2 quarters
2 dimes
3 pennies

    Hint: use the greedy algorithm. That is, dispense as many quarters as possible, then dimes, then nickels, and finally pennies.

  89. Write a program Triangle.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints an N-by-N triangular pattern like the one below. 
    * * * * * *
. * * * * *
. . * * * *
. . . * * *
. . . . * *
. . . . . *
  90. Write a program Ex.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints a (2N + 1)-by-(2N + 1) ex like the one below. Use two for loops and one if-else statement. 
    * . . . . . *
. * . . . * .
. . * . * . .
. . . * . . .
. . * . * . .
. * . . . * .
* . . . . . *
  91. Write a program BowTie.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints a (2N + 1)-by-(2N + 1) bowtie like the one below. Use two for loops and one if-else statement. 
    * . . . . . * 
* * . . . * * 
* * * . * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * . * * * 
* * . . . * * 
* . . . . . *
  92. Write a program Diamond.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints a (2N + 1)-by-(2N + 1) diamond like the one below. 
    % java Diamond 4
. . . . * . . . . 
. . . * * * . . . 
. . * * * * * . . 
. * * * * * * * . 
* * * * * * * * * 
. * * * * * * * . 
. . * * * * * . . 
. . . * * * . . . 
. . . . * . . . .
  93. Write a program Heart.java that takes a command-line argument N and prints a heart.
  94. What does the program Circle.java print out when N = 5? 
    for (int i = -N; i <= N; i++) {
   for (int j = -N; j <= N; j++) {
      if (i*i + j*j <= N*N) System.out.print("* ");
      else                  System.out.print(". ");
   }
   System.out.println();
}
  95. Seasons. Write a program Season.java that takes two command line integers M and D and prints the season corresponding to month M (1 = January, 12 = December) and day D in the northern hemisphere. Use the following table

    SEASON FROM TO
    Spring March 21 June 20
    Summer June 21 September 22
    Fall September 23 December 21
    Winter December 21 March 20


  96. Zodiac signs. Write a program Zodiac.java that takes two command line integers M and D and prints the Zodiac sign corresponding to month M (1 = January, 12 = December) and day D. Use the following table

    SIGN FROM TO
    Capricorn December 22 January 19
    Aquarius January 20 February 17
    Pisces February 18 March 19
    Aries March 20 April 19
    Taurus April 20 May 20
    Gemini May 21 June 20
    Cancer June 21 July 22
    Leo July 23 August 22
    Virgo August 23 September 22
    Libra September 23 October 22
    Scorpio October 23 November 21
    Sagittarius November 22 December 21
  97. Muat Thai kickboxing. Write a program that reads in the weight of a Muay Thai kickboxer (in pounds) as a command line argument and prints out their weight class. Use a switch statement.

    CLASS FROM TO
    Flyweight 0 112
    Super flyweight 112 115
    Bantamweight 115 118
    Super bantamweight 118 122
    Featherweight 122 126
    Super featherweight 126 130
    Lightweight 130 135
    Super lightweight 135 140
    Welterweight 140 147
    Super welterweight 147 154
    Middleweight 154 160
    Super middleweight 160 167
    Light heavyweight 167 175
    Super light heavyweight 175 183
    Cruiserweight 183 190
    Heavyweight 190 220
    Super heavyweight 220 -
  98. Euler's sum of powers conjecture. In 1769 Euler generalized Fermat's Last Theorem and conjectured that it is impossible to find three 4th powers whose sum is a 4th power, or four 5th powers whose sum is a 5th power, etc. The conjecture was disproved in 1966 by exhaustive computer search. Disprove the conjecture by finding positive integers a, b, c, d, and e such that a5 + b5 + c5 + d5= e5. Write a program Euler.java that reads in a command line parameter N and exhaustively searches for all such solutions with a, b, c, d, and e less than or equal to N. No counterexamples are known for powers greater than 5, but you can join EulerNet, a distributed computing effort to find a counterexample for sixth powers.
  99. Blackjack. Write a program Blackjack.java that takes three command line integers x, y, and z representing your two blackjack cards x and y, and the dealers face-up card z, and prints out the "standard strategy" for a 6 card deck in Atlantic city. Assume that x, y, and z are integers between 1 and 10, representing an ace through a face card. Report whether the player should hit, stand, or split according to these strategy tables. (When you learn about arrays, you will encounter an alternate strategy that does not involve as many if-else statements).
  100. Blackjack with doubling. Modify the previous exercise to allow doubling.
  101. Projectile motion. The following equation gives the trajectory of a ballistic missile as a function of the initial angle theta and windspeed: xxxx. Write a java program to print the (x, y) position of the missile at each time step t. Use trial and error to determine at what angle you should aim the missile if you hope to incinerate a target located 100 miles due east of your current location and at the same elevation. Assume the windspeed is 20 mph due east.
  102. World series. The baseball world series is a best of 7 competition, where the first team to win four games wins the World Series. Suppose the stronger team has probability p > 1/2 of winning each game. Write a program to estimate the chance that the weaker teams wins the World Series and to estimate how many games on average it will take.
  103. Consider the equation (9/4)^x = x^(9/4). One solution is 9/4. Can you find another one using Newton's method?
  104. Sorting networks. Write a program Sort3.java with three if statements (and no loops) that reads in three integers a, b, and c from the command line and prints them out in ascending order. 
    if (a > b) swap a and b
if (a > c) swap a and c
if (b > c) swap b and c
  105. Oblivious sorting network. Convince yourself that the following code fragment rearranges the integers stored in the variables A, B, C, and D so that A <= B <= C <= D. 
    if (A > B) { t = A; A = B; B = t; }
if (B > C) { t = B; B = C; C = t; }
if (A > B) { t = A; A = B; B = t; }
if (C > D) { t = C; C = D; D = t; }
if (B > C) { t = B; B = C; C = t; }
if (A > B) { t = A; A = B; B = t; }
if (D > E) { t = D; D = E; E = t; }
if (C > D) { t = C; C = D; D = t; }
if (B > C) { t = B; B = C; C = t; }
if (A > B) { t = A; A = B; B = t; }
    Devise a sequence of statements that would sort 5 integers. How many if statements does your program use?
  106. Optimal oblivious sorting networks. Create a program that sorts four integers using only 5 if statements, and one that sorts five integers using only 9 if statements of the type above? Oblivious sorting networks are useful for implementing sorting algorithms in hardware. How can you check that your program works for all inputs?

    Answer: Sort4.java sorts 4 elements using 5 compare-exchanges. Sort5.java sorts 5 elements using 9 compare-exchanges.

    The 0-1 principle asserts that you can verify the correctness of a (deterministic) sorting algorithm by checking whether it correctly sorts an input that is a sequence of 0s and 1s. Thus, to check that Sort5.java works, you only need to test it on the 2^5 = 32 possible inputs of 0s and 1s.

  107. Optimal oblivious sorting (challenging). Find an optimal sorting network for 6, 7, and 8 inputs, using 12, 16, and 19 if statements of the form in the previous problem, respectively.

    Answer: Sort6.java is the solution for sorting 6 elements.

  108. Optimal non-oblivious sorting. Write a program that sorts 5 inputs using only 7 comparisons. Hint: First compare the first two numbers, the second two numbers, and the larger of the two groups, and label them so that a < b < d and c < d. Second, insert the remaining element e into its proper place in the chain a < b < d by first comparing against b, then either a or d depending on the outcome. Third, insert c into the proper place in the chain involving a, b, d, and e in the same manner that you inserted e (with the knowledge that c < d). This uses 3 (first step) + 2 (second step) + 2 (third step) = 7 comparisons. This method was first discovered by H. B. Demuth in 1956.
  109. Weather balloon. (Etter and Ingber, p. 123) Suppose that h(t) = 0.12t4 + 12t3 - 380t2 + 4100t + 220 represents the height of a weather balloon at time t (measured in hours) for the first 48 hours after its launch. Create a table of the height at time t for t = 0 to 48. What is its maximum height? Answer: t= 5.
  110. Will the following code fragment compile? If so, what will it do? 
    int a = 10, b = 18;
if (a = b) System.out.println("equal");
else       System.out.println("not equal");

    Answer: It uses the assignment operator = instead of the equality operator == in the conditional. In Java, the result of this statement is an integer, but the compiler expects a boolean. As a result, the program will not compile. In some languages (notably C and C++), this code fragment will set the variable a to 18 and print equal without an error.

  111. Gotcha 1. What does the following code fragment do? 
    boolean a = false;
if (a = true) System.out.println("yes");
else          System.out.println("no");
    Answer: it prints yes. Note that the conditional uses = instead of ==. This means that a is assigned the value true As a result, the conditional expression evaluates to true. Java is not immune to the = vs. == error described in the previous exercise. For this reason, it is much better style to use if (a) or if (!a) when testing booleans.
  112. Gotcha 2. What does the following code fragment do? 
    int a = 17, x = 5, y = 12;
if (x > y);
{
   a = 13;
   x = 23;
}
System.out.println(a);
    Answer: always prints 13 since there is a spurious semicolon after the if statement. Thus, the assignment statement a = 13; will be executed even though (x <= y) It is legal (but uncommon) to have a block that does not belong to a conditional statement, loop, or method.
  113. What does the following code fragment do? 
    int income = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
if (income >= 311950) rate = .35;
if (income >= 174700) rate = .33;
if (income >= 114650) rate = .28;
if (income >=  47450) rate = .25;
if (income >=      0) rate = .22;
System.out.println(rate);
    It does not compile because the compile cannot guarantee that rate is initialized. Use if-else instead.
  114. Application of Newton's method. Write a program BohrRadius.java that finds the radii where the probability of finding the electron in the 4s excited state of hydrogen is zero. The probability is given by: (1 - 3r/4 + r2/8 - r3/192)2 e-r/2, where r is the radius in units of the Bohr radius (0.529173E-8 cm). Use Newton's method. By starting Newton's method at different values of r, you can discover all three roots. Hint: use initial values of r= 0, 5, and 13. Challenge: explain what happens if you use an initial value of r = 4 or 12.
  115. Pepys problem. In 1693, Samuel Pepys asked Isaac Newton which was more likely: getting at least one 1 when rolling a fair die 6 times or getting at leats two 1's when rolling a fair die 12 times. Write a program Pepys.java that uses simulation to determine the correct answer.
  116. What is the value of the variable s after running the following loop when N = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 
    String s = "";
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) {
   if (i % 2 == 0) s = s + i + s;
   else            s = i + s + i;
}

    Solution: Pal.java.

  117. Body mass index. The body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of the weight of a person (in kilograms) to the square of the height (in meters). Write a program BMI.java that takes two command-line arguments, weight and height, computes the BMI, and prints out the corresponding BMI category:
    • Starvation: less than 15
    • Anorexic: less than 17.5
    • Underweight: less than 18.5
    • Ideal: greater than or equal to 18.5 but less than 25
    • Overweight: greater than or equal to 25 but less than 30
    • Obese: greater than or equal to 30 but less than 40
    • Morbidly Obese: greater than or equal to 40
  118. Reynolds number. The Reynolds number is the ratio if inertial forces to viscous forces and is an important quantity in fluid dynamics. Write a program that takes in 4 command-line arguments, the diameter d, the velocity v, the density rho, and the viscosity mu, and prints out the Reynold's number d * v * rho / mu (assuming all arguments are in SI units). If the Reynold's number is less than 2000, print laminar flow, if it's between 2000 and 4000, print transient flow, and if it's more than 4000, print turbulent flow.
  119. Wind chill revisited. The wind chill formula from Exercise 1.2.14 is only valid if the wind speed is above 3MPH and below 110MPH and the temperature is below 50 degrees Fahrenheit and above -50 degrees. Modify your solution to print out an error message if the user types in a value outside the allowable range.
  120. Point on a sphere. Write a program to print the (x, y, z) coordinates of a random point on the surface of a sphere. Use Marsaglia' method: pick a random point (a, b) in the unit circle as in the do-while example. Then, set x = 2a sqrt(1 - a^2 - b^2), y = 2b sqrt(1 - a^2 - b^2), z = 1 - 2(a^2 + b^2).
  121. Powers of k. Write a program PowersOfK.java that takes an integer K as command line argument and prints all the positive powers of K in the Java long data type. Note: the constant Long.MAX_VALUE is the value of the largest integer in long.
  122. Square root, revisited. Why not use the loop-continuation condition (Math.abs(t*t - c) > EPSILON) in Sqrt.java instead of Math.abs(t - c/t) > t*EPSILON)?

    Answer: surprisingly, it can lead to inaccurate results or worse. For example, if you supply SqrtBug.java with the command-line argument 1e-50, you get 1e-50 as the answer (instead of 1e-25); if you supply 16664444, you get an infinite loop!

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